Respiratory: acute pulmonary hypersensitivity reaction.Neurologic: dizziness, drowsiness, amblyopia.Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, constipation, emesis.
Less common adverse events (occurring in less than 1% of those taking the drug) include: The most common side effects with nitrofurantoin are nausea, headache, and flatulence. A 2015 meta analysis found no increased risk from first trimester use in cohort studies that was a slight increase of malformations in case control studies. They remain a first line treatment in the second trimester. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists states that while they can be used in the first trimester other options may be preferred. Įvidence of safety in early pregnancy is mixed as of 2017.
Newborns of women given this drug late in pregnancy had a higher risk of developing neonatal jaundice. It however should not be used in late pregnancy due to the potential risk of hemolytic anemia in the newborn. It is one of the few drugs commonly used in pregnancy to treat UTIs. Nitrofurantoin is pregnancy category B in the United States and pregnancy category A in Australia. Many or all strains of the following genera are resistant to nitrofurantoin: Īntibiotic susceptibility testing should always be performed to further elucidate the resistance profile of the particular strain of bacteria causing infection.
It is used in the treatment of infections caused by these organisms. Nitrofurantoin has been shown to have good activity against: Nitrofurantoin is not recommended for the treatment of pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and intra-abdominal abscess, because of extremely poor tissue penetration and low blood levels. The efficacy of nitrofurantoin in treating UTIs combined with a low rate of bacterial resistance to this agent makes it one of the first-line agents for treating uncomplicated UTIs as recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance to other commonly used agents, such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones, has led to increased interest in using nitrofurantoin. Current uses include the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and prophylaxis against UTIs in people prone to recurrent UTIs.
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